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Comps[1] compreheive. Political Science And Public Administration Comps with Cox at University of Akron. Created: 2. 01. 4- 0. Last Modified: 2. Views. 6. 4. . 1 The State of the American Public Administration Field Content: Introduction The Roots of Modern Public Administration Struggling Logic of Inquires in Public Administration The Impact of the Progressive Era on PA Why is Modernity a Problem for Public Administration?
Division between Value Laden and Value Neutral Review of Postmodern Public Administration Conclusion Introduction: This paper describes and traces the modern thought and the state of the Public Administration (PA) throughout the history of the American PA. The paper argues that logical positivism and instrumental rationality, which are the underpinnings of the modern thought, have captivated public administration (PA). Modernity challenges a problem as it believes in a neutral and universal administrative science, which might be attained once the ‗right‘ reforms have been made. However, the paper demonstrates this point ignores the fact that public administration is a human science and context and therefore it is imbued with values.
In addition, the paper explains that orthodox applications of modernity pose a threat to democratic ideas as they deny active citizenship participation and put all decision- making in the hands of the technical experts or the bureaucrats (Stivers, 1. On the other hand, postmodernism is everything that modernity is not. It rejects the one right answer as it allows suspicion to question foundations of knowledge. It moves from the grand narrative to smaller, local narratives that engage conversational groups in various subjects and debates in PA. However, this is not without danger as collusions of narratives can leave people confused and disoriented with the multi controversial issues. The Roots of Modern Public Administration: Guy Adams (1. Through this definition, it is essential to note the universalistic claims of instrumental rationality which is an important element to define modernity.
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Instrumental rationality is portrayed as a technical ―way of thinking and living that emphasizes the scientific- analytical mind- set and the belief in technological process‖ (Adam, 1. These ideas are not new ones as they came from the 1. Enlightenment to emerge in the United States during the Progressive Era when the field of Public Administration (PA) was founded. These ideas have prevailed during the founding period of PA as a self- conscious field, which is commonly agreed upon to be during or just before the Progressive Era (Marini & Pugh, 1. Adams, 1. 99. 5, p.
He adds that these ideas are still dominant in contemporary PA which is studied in the universities. With the strong shape of instrumental rationality, Adams (1. PA as a field of study has led the field to be in a particular framework. This framework is represented by the level of scientific methodology that PA should utilize to reach its ends. However, this particular framework created the trajectory of the field of PA which shaped all the major evolutions and new paradigms that have emerged into the field since that time. The politics- administration dichotomy is an example of the influence of this scientific framework of positivism. However, being outside this framework, other concepts and theories found themselves in a hot conflict and endless debate with the scientific approach.
The theoretical and practical conflicts in the field can be categorized and understood based on their logics or on what is well known in PA as the politics- administration dichotomy. This dichotomy reflects the conflict between the value- driven political logic and the neutral scientific logic of handling administration. The instrumental rationality of modernity presented the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness, expertise, professionalism, accountability, and democracy and other issues in PA. Therefore, PA as a field of study was highly influenced by modernity or positivism as a way of thinking and producing knowledge.
The natural sciences approaches may probably have caused some pressure on social sciences to increase their rigor in research. Management was one of the social science fields that responded to this pressure by the attempt to follow the positivist approach and to deal with PA as businesslike. Beginning approximately from the Renaissance through the Enlightenment, modern thought developed out of the combination of various circumstances in Europe, (Skoble & Machlan, 1. Skoble and Machlan state that ― the development of a sizable middle class, increased trade relations between nations, explorations and developments in science and technology, all created a climate in which many things taken for granted in the Middle Ages were called into question‖ (Skoble & Machlan, 1. In addition, they argue that out of that ―intellectual climate‖ important concepts about politics and social justice, such as government by consent, the social contract, individual rights, women‘s rights, socialism, anarchism as well as liberalism, evolved. The earliest thinkers influenced the research methodology in the field.
For example, Descartes declared his scientific approach, ―I think; therefore I exist,‖ (Marshall, 1. Niccolo Machiavelli ―created the world within modern public administration exists‖ in terms of creating a perspective where the state is serving people‘s interests (Swain, 1.
Machiavelli‘s perspective influenced both scholars and themes of the public administration. His perspective influenced scholars like Gulick‘s view of executive functions as well as Taylor‘s ―technique oriented, means- ends rationality, empirical and material view‖ (Swain, 1.
Other modern thinkers who contributed to public administration thought are Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and the Founders (Swain, 1. Scottish Enlightenment of Adam Smith (Farmer, 1. Common themes of modern thought are ―secularization, the universalistic claims of instrumental rationality, the differentiation of various spheres of life- world, the bureaucratization of economic, political, and military practices, and the growing monitarization of values‖ (Turner, 1. Adams, 1. 99. 5). Jürgen Habermas writes: 3 The project of modernity formulated in the 1. Enlightenment consisted in their efforts to develop objective science, universal morality and law, and autonomous art according to their inner logic. At the same time, this project intended to release the cognitive potentials of each of these domains from their esoteric forms.
The enlightenment philosophers wanted to utilize this accumulation of specialized culture for the enrichment of every day life- that is to say, for the rational organization of every day social life (Habermas cited in Farmer, 1. David Farmer contends that public administration theory ―could be described as one form of this rationalization of every day social life‖ (Farmer, 1. Adams adds the notion of technical rationality and states the ―scientific- analytical mind set‖ that signifies modern thought, and the ―Great Transformations‖ of the 1. Progressive Era and ―unleashed a flood of ideas into the social and political world‖ (Adams, 1. Struggling Logic of Inquires in Public Administration: The Progressive Era, which started with Woodrow Wilson as its most prominent figure, is distinguished as an era of reform.
Despite some opposition (Van Riper, 1. Woodrow Wilson and in his article The Study of Public Administration (1. He called for developing a science of PA as well as detaching PA from the political considerations.
This was the first clear call for using the scientific logic in the field of PA (Henry, 1. Frank Goodnow, in his book Politics and Administration (1.
The school of scientific management which was led by Fredrick Taylor also had a strong influence on PA to follow the positivist logic. Scholars who came later to participate in establishing PA as a practical and academic field of study were influenced by the scientific logic.
Leonard White with his first textbook in the field, An Introduction to the Study of Public Administration (1. Luther Gulick in his book, The Papers on the Science of Administration (1. Brownlow Report of the President‘s Committee, and later, the New Public Management School, all presented the scientific logic of inquiry in PA.
On the other hand, others such as Waldo in The Administrative State (1. New Public Administration School in the 1.
Blacksburg Manifesto document in the 1. New Public Service School all criticized the positivist logic of inquiry.
In addition, scholars such as Herbert Simon in the Administrative Behavior (1. Elton Mayo, and Fritz Roethisberger did not refuse the scientific methodology, but they did not accept positivism as ―a one right way to do things.‖ In general, according to White (1. However, this approach has been criticized by many scholars in the field, since the late 1. For example, Farmer in his book, The Language of Public Administration, criticized this particular, scientific, and technological framework of the PA because of its limitations and inability to resolve all the PA problems. This point leads to discuss why modernity, 4 positivism, may be problematic for public administration which will be discussed later in the paper. The generation of knowledge in public administration has been the focus of many scholars (White, 1. White & Adams, 1.
White et al, 1. 99. Mc. Curdy & Cleary, 1.
Hummel, 1. 99. 1). For example, Gulick argues that the best source of gaining knowledge is through our experiences while Simon states that science with rational methodology and measurement is the tool for gaining the knowledge. Some argue that the field lacks rigor and validity as it ―does not employ agreed upon methods and research designs for analyzing and classifying data‖ (Mc. Curdy & Cleary, 1.
Others disagree and argue that interpreting experiences contributes to the generation of knowledge and is credible sources to draw upon (Hummel, 1.